RIRS ( Retrograde intrarenal surgery): RIRS is a procedure performed by a specialist under general anesthesia, by using a fiberoptic endoscope inserted via the urethra and the stones are viewed and manipulated then fragmented by the laser and cleared from the kidney.

PCNL (Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy): PCNL is an invasive procedure performed under general anesthesia, the urologist inserts an cystoscope to inspect the bladder, after inspecting the bladder a catheter is inserted via ureter to the kidney by which a radio-opaque dye is administered to highlight the kidney stone on an X-Ray, once the stones are located an incision of 1.5 cm is made on the back, then the urologist will access the kidney with X-Ray guided fine needle then the guide wire will help the urologist to create a passage to kidney, through the passage a hollow tube is inserted, then a nephroscope is inserted through the hollow tube targeting the stones, then stones and fragments are removed by the scope using suction.
ESWL (Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy): ESWL is a common non surgical treatment for Kidney Stones or Ureteric stones by using shock waves from outside the body causing the stones to break into pieces or fragments, small enough to pass out in urine.